Table of Contents Part 1 Market Overview 1.1 Market Definition 1.2 Market Development 1.2.1 Current Situation 1.2.2 Aspects of COVID-19 Impact 1.3 By Type Table Type of In-vehicle Camera Wafer Figure Global In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Share by Type in 2020 1.4 By Application Table Application of In-vehicle Camera Wafer Figure Global In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Share by Application in 2020 1.5 By Region Figure Global In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Share by Region in 2020 Figure Asia In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Share by Region in 2020 Part 2 Key Companies 2.1 TSMC 2.1.1 Company Profile Table TSMC Overview List 2.1.2 Products & Services Overview 2.1.3 Sales Data List Table In-vehicle Camera Wafer Business Operation of TSMC (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin) 2.2 Samsung 2.3 Micron 2.4 SK Hynix 2.5 SMIC 2.6 UMC 2.7 TI 2.8 ST-Micro Part 3 Global Market Status and Future Forecast 3.1 Global Market by Region Table Global In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market by Region, 2016-2020 (Million USD) Figure Global In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Share by Region in 2020 (Million USD) Table Global In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market by Region, 2016-2020 (Volume) Figure Global In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Share by Region in 2020 (Volume) Table Price List by Region, 2016-2020 3.2 Global Market by Company Table Global In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market by Company, 2016-2020 (Million USD) Figure Global In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Share by Company in 2020 (Million USD) Table Global In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market by Company, 2016-2020 (Volume) Figure Global In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Share by Company in 2020 (Volume) Table Price List by Company, 2016-2020 3.3 Global Market by Type Table Global In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market by Type, 2016-2020 (Million USD) Figure Global In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Share by Type in 2020 (Million USD) Table Global In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market by Type, 2016-2020 (Volume) Figure Global In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Share by Type in 2020 (Volume) Table Price List by Type, 2016-2020 3.4 Global Market by Application Table Global In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market by Application, 2016-2020 (Million USD) Figure Global In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Share by Application in 2020 (Million USD) Table Global In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market by Application, 2016-2020 (Volume) Figure Global In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Share by Application in 2020 (Volume) Table Price List by Application, 2016-2020 3.5 Global Market by Forecast Figure Global In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Forecast, 2021E-2026F (Million USD) Figure Global In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Forecast, 2021E-2026F (Volume) Part 4 Asia-Pacific Market Status and Future Forecast 4.1 Asia-Pacific Market by Type Table Asia-Pacific In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market by Type, 2016-2020 (Million USD) Figure Asia-Pacific In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Share by Type in 2020 (Million USD) Table Asia-Pacific In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market by Type, 2016-2020 (Volume) Figure Asia-Pacific In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Share by Type in 2020 (Volume) Table Price List by Type, 2016-2020 4.2 Asia-Pacific Market by Application Table Asia-Pacific In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market by Application, 2016-2020 (Million USD) Figure Asia-Pacific In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Share by Application in 2020 (Million USD) Table Asia-Pacific In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market by Application, 2016-2020 (Volume) Figure Asia-Pacific In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Share by Application in 2020 (Volume) Table Price List by Application, 2016-2020 4.3 Asia-Pacific Market by Geography 4.3.1 China Market Status and Future Forecast Figure China In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Market Status, 2016-2020 (Million USD) Figure China In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Market Status, 2016-2020 (Volume) Figure China In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Forecast, 2021E-2026F (Million USD) Figure China In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Forecast, 2021E-2026F (Volume) 4.3.2 Southeast Asia Market Status and Future Forecast Figure Southeast Asia In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Market Status, 2016-2020 (Million USD) Figure Southeast Asia In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Market Status, 2016-2020 (Volume) Figure Southeast Asia In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Forecast, 2021E-2026F (Million USD) Figure Southeast Asia In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Forecast, 2021E-2026F (Volume) 4.3.3 India Market Status and Future Forecast Figure India In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Market Status, 2016-2020 (Million USD) Figure India In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Market Status, 2016-2020 (Volume) Figure India In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Forecast, 2021E-2026F (Million USD) Figure India In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Forecast, 2021E-2026F (Volume) 4.3.4 Japan Market Status and Future Forecast Figure Japan In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Market Status, 2016-2020 (Million USD) Figure Japan In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Market Status, 2016-2020 (Volume) Figure Japan In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Forecast, 2021E-2026F (Million USD) Figure Japan In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Forecast, 2021E-2026F (Volume) 4.3.5 Korea Market Status and Future Forecast Figure Korea In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Market Status, 2016-2020 (Million USD) Figure Korea In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Market Status, 2016-2020 (Volume) Figure Korea In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Forecast, 2021E-2026F (Million USD) Figure Korea In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Forecast, 2021E-2026F (Volume) 4.3.6 Oceania Market Status and Future Forecast Figure Oceania In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Market Status, 2016-2020 (Million USD) Figure Oceania In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Market Status, 2016-2020 (Volume) Figure Oceania In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Forecast, 2021E-2026F (Million USD) Figure Oceania In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Forecast, 2021E-2026F (Volume) 4.4 Asia-Pacific Market by Forecast Figure Asia-Pacific In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Forecast, 2021E-2026F (Million USD) Figure Asia-Pacific In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Forecast, 2021E-2026F (Volume) Part 5 Europe Market Status and Future Forecast 5.1 Europe Market by Type Table Europe In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market by Type, 2016-2020 (Million USD) Figure Europe In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Share by Type in 2020 (Million USD) Table Europe In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market by Type, 2016-2020 (Volume) Figure Europe In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Share by Type in 2020 (Volume) Table Price List by Type, 2016-2020 5.2 Europe Market by Application Table Europe In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market by Application, 2016-2020 (Million USD) Figure Europe In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Share by Application in 2020 (Million USD) Table Europe In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market by Application, 2016-2020 (Volume) Figure Europe In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Share by Application in 2020 (Volume) Table Price List by Application, 2016-2020 5.3 Europe Market by Geography 5.3.1 Germany Market Status and Future Forecast Figure Germany In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Market Status, 2016-2020 (Million USD) Figure Germany In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Market Status, 2016-2020 (Volume) Figure Germany In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Forecast, 2021E-2026F (Million USD) Figure Germany In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Forecast, 2021E-2026F (Volume) 5.3.2 UK Market Status and Future Forecast Figure UK In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Market Status, 2016-2020 (Million USD) Figure UK In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Market Status, 2016-2020 (Volume) Figure UK In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Forecast, 2021E-2026F (Million USD) Figure UK In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Forecast, 2021E-2026F (Volume) 5.3.3 France Market Status and Future Forecast Figure France In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Market Status, 2016-2020 (Million USD) Figure France In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Market Status, 2016-2020 (Volume) Figure France In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Forecast, 2021E-2026F (Million USD) Figure France In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Forecast, 2021E-2026F (Volume) 5.3.4 Italy Market Status and Future Forecast Figure Italy In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Market Status, 2016-2020 (Million USD) Figure Italy In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Market Status, 2016-2020 (Volume) Figure Italy In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Forecast, 2021E-2026F (Million USD) Figure Italy In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Forecast, 2021E-2026F (Volume) 5.3.5 Russia Market Status and Future Forecast Figure Russia In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Market Status, 2016-2020 (Million USD) Figure Russia In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Market Status, 2016-2020 (Volume) Figure Russia In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Forecast, 2021E-2026F (Million USD) Figure Russia In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Forecast, 2021E-2026F (Volume) 5.3.6 Spain Market Status and Future Forecast Figure Spain In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Market Status, 2016-2020 (Million USD) Figure Spain In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Market Status, 2016-2020 (Volume) Figure Spain In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Forecast, 2021E-2026F (Million USD) Figure Spain In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Forecast, 2021E-2026F (Volume) 5.3.6 Netherlands Market Status and Future Forecast Figure Netherlands In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Market Status, 2016-2020 (Million USD) Figure Netherlands In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Market Status, 2016-2020 (Volume) Figure Netherlands In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Forecast, 2021E-2026F (Million USD) Figure Netherlands In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Forecast, 2021E-2026F (Volume) 5.3.7 Turkey Market Status and Future Forecast Figure Turkey In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Market Status, 2016-2020 (Million USD) Figure Turkey In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Market Status, 2016-2020 (Volume) Figure Turkey In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Forecast, 2021E-2026F (Million USD) Figure Turkey In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Forecast, 2021E-2026F (Volume) 5.3.6 Switzerland Market Status and Future Forecast Figure Switzerland In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Market Status, 2016-2020 (Million USD) Figure Switzerland In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Market Status, 2016-2020 (Volume) Figure Switzerland In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Forecast, 2021E-2026F (Million USD) Figure Switzerland In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Forecast, 2021E-2026F (Volume) 5.4 Europe Market by Forecast Figure Europe In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Forecast, 2021E-2026F (Million USD) Figure Europe In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Forecast, 2021E-2026F (Volume) Part 6 North America Market Status and Future Forecast 6.1 North America Market by Type Table North America In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market by Type, 2016-2020 (Million USD) Figure North America In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Share by Type in 2020 (Million USD) Table North America In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market by Type, 2016-2020 (Volume) Figure North America In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Share by Type in 2020 (Volume) Table Price List by Type, 2016-2020 6.2 North America Market by Application Table North America In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market by Application, 2016-2020 (Million USD) Figure North America In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Share by Application in 2020 (Million USD) Table North America In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market by Application, 2016-2020 (Volume) Figure North America In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Share by Application in 2020 (Volume) Table Price List by Application, 2016-2020 6.3 North America Market by Geography 6.3.1 United States Market Status and Future Forecast Figure United States In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Market Status, 2016-2020 (Million USD) Figure United States In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Market Status, 2016-2020 (Volume) Figure United States In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Forecast, 2021E-2026F (Million USD) Figure United States In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Forecast, 2021E-2026F (Volume) 6.3.2 Canada Market Status and Future Forecast Figure Canada In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Market Status, 2016-2020 (Million USD) Figure Canada In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Market Status, 2016-2020 (Volume) Figure Canada In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Forecast, 2021E-2026F (Million USD) Figure Canada In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Forecast, 2021E-2026F (Volume) 6.3.3 Mexico Market Status and Future Forecast Figure Mexico In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Market Status, 2016-2020 (Million USD) Figure Mexico In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Market Status, 2016-2020 (Volume) Figure Mexico In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Forecast, 2021E-2026F (Million USD) Figure Mexico In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Forecast, 2021E-2026F (Volume) 6.4 North America Market by Forecast Figure North America In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Forecast, 2021E-2026F (Million USD) Figure North America In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Forecast, 2021E-2026F (Volume) Part 7 South America Market Status and Future Forecast 7.1 South America Market by Type Table South America In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market by Type, 2016-2020 (Million USD) Figure South America In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Share by Type in 2020 (Million USD) Table South America In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market by Type, 2016-2020 (Volume) Figure South America In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Share by Type in 2020 (Volume) Table Price List by Type, 2016-2020 7.2 South America Market by Application Table South America In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market by Application, 2016-2020 (Million USD) Figure South America In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Share by Application in 2020 (Million USD) Table South America In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market by Application, 2016-2020 (Volume) Figure South America In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Share by Application in 2020 (Volume) Table Price List by Application, 2016-2020 7.3 South America Market by Geography 7.3.1 Brazil Market Status and Future Forecast Figure Brazil In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Market Status, 2016-2020 (Million USD) Figure Brazil In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Market Status, 2016-2020 (Volume) Figure Brazil In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Forecast, 2021E-2026F (Million USD) Figure Brazil In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Forecast, 2021E-2026F (Volume) 7.3.2 Argentina Market Status and Future Forecast Figure Argentina In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Market Status, 2016-2020 (Million USD) Figure Argentina In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Market Status, 2016-2020 (Volume) Figure Argentina In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Forecast, 2021E-2026F (Million USD) Figure Argentina In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Forecast, 2021E-2026F (Volume) 7.3.3 Columbia Market Status and Future Forecast Figure Columbia In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Market Status, 2016-2020 (Million USD) Figure Columbia In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Market Status, 2016-2020 (Volume) Figure Columbia In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Forecast, 2021E-2026F (Million USD) Figure Columbia In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Forecast, 2021E-2026F (Volume) 7.3.4 Chile Market Status and Future Forecast Figure Chile In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Market Status, 2016-2020 (Million USD) Figure Chile In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Market Status, 2016-2020 (Volume) Figure Chile In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Forecast, 2021E-2026F (Million USD) Figure Chile In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Forecast, 2021E-2026F (Volume) 7.3.5 Peru Market Status and Future Forecast Figure Peru In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Market Status, 2016-2020 (Million USD) Figure Peru In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Market Status, 2016-2020 (Volume) Figure Peru In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Forecast, 2021E-2026F (Million USD) Figure Peru In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Forecast, 2021E-2026F (Volume) 7.4 South America Market by Forecast Figure South America In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Forecast, 2021E-2026F (Million USD) Figure South America In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Forecast, 2021E-2026F (Volume) Part 8 Middle East & Africa Market Status and Future Forecast 8.1 Middle East & Africa Market by Type Table Middle East & Africa In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market by Type, 2016-2020 (Million USD) Figure Middle East & Africa In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Share by Type in 2020 (Million USD) Table Middle East & Africa In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market by Type, 2016-2020 (Volume) Figure Middle East & Africa In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Share by Type in 2020 (Volume) Table Price List by Type, 2016-2020 8.2 Middle East & Africa Market by Application Table Middle East & Africa In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market by Application, 2016-2020 (Million USD) Figure Middle East & Africa In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Share by Application in 2020 (Million USD) Table Middle East & Africa In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market by Application, 2016-2020 (Volume) Figure Middle East & Africa In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Share by Application in 2020 (Volume) Table Price List by Application, 2016-2020 8.3 Middle East & Africa Market by Geography 8.3.1 GCC Market Status and Future Forecast Figure GCC In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Market Status, 2016-2020 (Million USD) Figure GCC In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Market Status, 2016-2020 (Volume) Figure GCC In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Forecast, 2021E-2026F (Million USD) Figure GCC In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Forecast, 2021E-2026F (Volume) 8.3.2 North Africa Market Status and Future Forecast Figure North Africa In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Market Status, 2016-2020 (Million USD) Figure North Africa In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Market Status, 2016-2020 (Volume) Figure North Africa In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Forecast, 2021E-2026F (Million USD) Figure North Africa In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Forecast, 2021E-2026F (Volume) 8.3.3 South Africa Market Status and Future Forecast Figure South Africa In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Market Status, 2016-2020 (Million USD) Figure South Africa In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Market Status, 2016-2020 (Volume) Figure South Africa In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Forecast, 2021E-2026F (Million USD) Figure South Africa In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Forecast, 2021E-2026F (Volume) 8.4 Middle East & Africa Market by Forecast Figure Middle East & Africa In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Forecast, 2021E-2026F (Million USD) Figure Middle East & Africa In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market Forecast, 2021E-2026F (Volume) Part 9 Market Features 9.1 Product Features 9.2 Price Features 9.3 Channel Features 9.4 Purchasing Features Part 10 Investment Opportunity 10.1 Regional Investment Opportunity 10.2 Industry Investment Opportunity PART 11 Coronavirus Impact 11.1 Impact on Industry Upstream 11.2 Impact on Industry Downstream 11.3 Impact on Industry Channels 11.4 Impact on Industry Competition 11.5 Impact on Industry Obtain Employment Part 12 Conclusion

List of Table Table Type of In-vehicle Camera Wafer Table Application of In-vehicle Camera Wafer Table TSMC Overview List Table In-vehicle Camera Wafer Business Operation of TSMC (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin) Table Automobile & Transportation Business Operation of Samsung (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin) Table Business Operation of Micron (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin) Table Volume Business Operation of SK Hynix (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin) Table xxx Business Operation of SMIC (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin) Table xx% Business Operation of UMC (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin) Table 17 Business Operation of TI (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin) Table 3 Business Operation of ST-Micro (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin) Table Global In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market by Region, 2016-2020 (Million USD) Table Global In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market by Region, 2016-2020 (Volume) Table Price List by Region, 2016-2020 Table Global In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market by Company, 2016-2020 (Million USD) Table Global In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market by Company, 2016-2020 (Volume) Table Price List by Company, 2016-2020 Table Global In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market by Type, 2016-2020 (Million USD) Table Global In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market by Type, 2016-2020 (Volume) Table Price List by Type, 2016-2020 Table Global In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market by Application, 2016-2020 (Million USD) Table Global In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market by Application, 2016-2020 (Volume) Table Price List by Application, 2016-2020 Table Asia-Pacific In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market by Type, 2016-2020 (Million USD) Table Asia-Pacific In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market by Type, 2016-2020 (Volume) Table Price List by Type, 2016-2020 Table Asia-Pacific In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market by Application, 2016-2020 (Million USD) Table Asia-Pacific In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market by Application, 2016-2020 (Volume) Table Price List by Application, 2016-2020 Table Europe In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market by Type, 2016-2020 (Million USD) Table Europe In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market by Type, 2016-2020 (Volume) Table Price List by Type, 2016-2020 Table Europe In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market by Application, 2016-2020 (Million USD) Table Europe In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market by Application, 2016-2020 (Volume) Table Price List by Application, 2016-2020 Table North America In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market by Type, 2016-2020 (Million USD) Table North America In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market by Type, 2016-2020 (Volume) Table Price List by Type, 2016-2020 Table North America In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market by Application, 2016-2020 (Million USD) Table North America In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market by Application, 2016-2020 (Volume) Table Price List by Application, 2016-2020 Table South America In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market by Type, 2016-2020 (Million USD) Table South America In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market by Type, 2016-2020 (Volume) Table Price List by Type, 2016-2020 Table South America In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market by Application, 2016-2020 (Million USD) Table South America In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market by Application, 2016-2020 (Volume) Table Price List by Application, 2016-2020 Table Middle East & Africa In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market by Type, 2016-2020 (Million USD) Table Middle East & Africa In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market by Type, 2016-2020 (Volume) Table Price List by Type, 2016-2020 Table Middle East & Africa In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market by Application, 2016-2020 (Million USD) Table Middle East & Africa In-vehicle Camera Wafer Market by Application, 2016-2020 (Volume) Table Price List by Application, 2016-2020